The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Movement. More Identification. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. The Acholi of Uganda. (1988). Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. (1972). the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. - CORE the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. 2008. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. London: James Currey. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. London: James Currey. Location. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. 53- In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Even in this . From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Apoko, Anna (1967). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. M.A. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Linguistic Affiliation. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. The account of the Acholi reaching Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Omissions? [CDATA[ in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. ." Conflict. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Social Control. comparably flat. The Acholi region and language 51. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Updates? p. 41). 2.4. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital London: Oxford University Press. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. into the independence era. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. with the British was through Samuel Baker. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. 1544957. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). 30. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa ." It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Population Geography of Acholi District. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Orientation "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Orientation Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. According to the Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Socialization. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. The Southern Lwoo language group The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Ceremonies. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. named Luo. Due to its central location and the close Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. As some of these languages show some form Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Kasozi, A. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). against the central government. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. The insurgency's military. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile.
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