areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Section D. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Agricultural products account for . To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. 27 May 2021. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. 3. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. ", Tables D.4 D.7. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Brighter Green, 6. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . That is why per hectare yield of crop is . The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Agriculture. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. 2. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Productivity and technology. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Agriculture. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. "National Statistical Abstract. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. This site contains PDF documents. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Includes a market overview and trade data. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Agriculture in Ethiopia. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Merkebu Getachew. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. <i>Results . Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Washington, DC 20230. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source.